Annually,
there’s Debating Contest that is held for both Senior High School students and
university students by some education institutions in Indonesia. However, there
are many people that don’t know what the debate is and how it goes.
So, I’ll
tell you briefly about Debate and type of academic debate that is usually used
in Debating Contest in Indonesia, Australasian Style. I also give some topics in Debating Contest and the
explanation of "Debate" in Bahasa Indonesia to make you easier to understand.
Let’s
check it out, guys! :)
What
Is Debate?
Essentially,
debate is an argument with rules. Debating rules will vary from one competition
to another, and there are several formats for debates. Debates can involve
single-member teams or teams that include several students.
Typically
in a debate, two teams are presented a resolution or topic that they will
debate, and each team is given a set period of time to prepare an argument.
Students typically don't know their debate subjects ahead of time. The goal is
to come up with a good argument in a short amount of time. Students are
encouraged to read about current
events and controversial issues to prepare
for debates. Sometimes, school teams will encourage individual team members to
choose special topics and focus on them. This can give the team special
strengths in certain topics.
At
a debate, one team will argue in favor (pro) and the other will argue in
opposition (con). Sometimes each team member speaks, and sometimes the team
selects one member to speak for the entire team. A judge or a panel of judges
will assign points based on the strength of the arguments and the
professionalism of the teams. One team is usually declared the winner and that
team will advance to a new round.
·
Characteristics of debate includes:
- Students hear the topic and take positions (pro and con)
- Teams discuss their topics and come up with statements
- Teams deliver their statements and offer main points
- Students discuss the opposition's argument and come up with rebuttals
- Rebuttals delivered
- Closing statements made
Each
of these sessions is timed. For instance, teams may have only 3 minutes to come
up with their rebuttal.
You know what?! There are some facts,
of course good facts, about debate. Here they are:
- By participating on a debate team, students learn the art of persuasion.
- Research has shown that participation in debates increases students' academic performance and increases their chances of earning a college degree.
- Urban debate teams are making a strong comeback.
- A school team will prepare to compete in local, regional, and national tournaments.
- Many colleges offer summer programs that teach debating skills.
- Students benefit from preparing for debates by improving their research skills.
- Students also benefit from the experience of speaking in public.
Australian/ Australasian Parliamentary
Australasian Debate is a form of academic debate. In the
past few years, this style of debating has increased in usage dramatically
throughout both Australia and the Asian region. Australasian style debates
consist of two teams who debate over an issue, more commonly called a topic or
proposition. The issue, by convention, is presented in the form of an
affirmative statement beginning with "That", for example: "That cats are better than dogs" or
"This House", for example: "This
House would establish a world government" or “This House believes that Globalization marginalizes the poor”. The
subject of topics can vary from region to region based on current events or
controversial issues in that region.
The two teams in Australasian
debating are called the "Affirmative”
or "Government" and the "Negative" or "Opposition", which consist of
three people in each team. The
affirmative team agrees with the topic and presents arguments to demonstrate
the truth of the topic. They also give a definition about the motion within
certain limits in order to clarify the debate to be conducted. On the other
hand, the negative team disagrees with the topic and presents arguments to disprove
the truth of the topic.
In this format, two-member team of
three people will be divided with the following order:
1)
The
first speaker called the Government - 7 minutes
2)
The
first speaker Opposition party - 7 minutes
3)
Both
the Government speakers - 7 minutes
4)
The
second speaker Opposition parties - 7 minutes
5)
The
third speaker, the Government - 7 minutes
6)
The
third speaker Opposition party - 7 minutes
7)
Opposition
party closing speech - 5 minutes
Speech cover (Reply speech) became
the hallmark of this format. Closing speech was delivered by the first or
second speaker from each team (no third speaker). Closing speech by the
Opposition started first, the new Government. The most important thing is each
team must convince the adjudicators or judges that their side of the topic is
correct and that their opponent is incorrect.
Jury (adjudicator) in Australasian
Parliamentary debate format consists of one person or a panel of odd. In the
panel, each judge gives his vote without going through the deliberations. Thus,
the panel's decision can be unanimous or split decision.
P.S.: There are no interruptions (PoI/ Point of Interruption)
in this debate style.
For all debating contestants, don’t
worry about making any mistakes in using Grammar while you’re speaking. Just be
brave and confident when you deliver your idea and opinion in front of the
adjudicators and audiences.
DEBAT
Debat adalah kegiatan
adu argumentasi antara dua pihak atau lebih, baik secara perorangan maupun
kelompok, dalam mendiskusikan dan memutuskan masalah dan perbedaan.
Debat kompetitif adalah
debat dalam bentuk permainan yang biasa dilakukan di tingkat sekolah dan
universitas. Dalam hal ini, debat dilakukan sebagai pertandingan dengan aturan
("format") yang jelas dan ketat antara dua pihak yang masing-masing
mendukung dan menentang sebuah pernyataan. Debat disaksikan oleh satu atau
beberapa orang juri yang ditunjuk untuk menentukan pemenang dari sebuah debat.
Pemenang dari debat kompetitif adalah tim yang berhasil menunjukkan pengetahuan
dan kemampuan debat yang lebih baik.
Australian Parliamentary/Australasian Parliamentary Style ("Australs")
Gaya debat ini digunakan di Australia, namun pengaruhnya menyebar hingga ke
kompetisi-kompetisi yang diselenggarakan di Asia, sehingga akhirnya disebut
sebagai format Australasian Parliamentary. Dalam format ini, dua tim
beranggotakan masing-masing tiga orang berhadapan dalam satu debat, satu tim
mewakili Pemerintah (Government) dan satu tim mewakili Oposisi (Opposition),
dengan urutan sebagai berikut:
- Pembicara pertama pihak Pemerintah - 7 menit
- Pembicara pertama pihak Oposisi - 7 menit
- Pembicara kedua pihak Pemerintah - 7 menit
- Pembicara kedua pihak Oposisi - 7 menit
- Pembicara ketiga pihak Pemerintah - 7 menit
- Pembicara ketiga pihak Oposisi - 7 menit
- Pidato penutup pihak Oposisi - 5 menit
- Pidato penutup pihak Pemerintah - 5 menit
Pada beberapa
kompetisi debat, setiap tim memiliki kesempatan untuk menyampaikan satu pidato
lagi, yaitu pidato penutup (Reply speech). Pidato penutup dibawakan oleh
pembicara pertama atau kedua dari masing-masing tim (tidak boleh pembicara
ketiga). Pidato penutup dimulai oleh Oposisi terlebih dahulu, baru Pemerintah.
Mosi dalam format ini diberikan
dalam bentuk pernyataan yang harus didukung oleh pihak Pemerintah dan ditentang
oleh Pihak Oposisi, contoh:
(This
House believes that) Globalization marginalizes the poor.
(Sidang Dewan percaya bahwa) Globalisasi meminggirkan
masyarakat miskin.
Mosi tersebut dapat didefinisikan
oleh pihak Pemerintah dalam batasan-batasan tertentu dengan tujuan untuk
memperjelas debat yang akan dilakukan. Ada aturan-aturan yang cukup jelas dalam
hal apa yang boleh dilakukan sebagai bagian dari definisi dan apa yang tidak
boleh dilakukan.
Tidak ada interupsi dalam format ini.
Juri (adjudicator) dalam format Australs
terdiri atas satu orang atau satu panel berjumlah ganjil. Dalam panel, setiap
juri memberikan voting-nya tanpa melalui musyawarah. Dengan demikian,
keputusan panel dapat bersifat unanimous ataupun split
decision.
Peraturan Debat Bahasa Inggris (Australian Parliamentary)
Motion : Topik yang diperdebatkan.
Parameter :
Limitation of the argument, yaitu batasan yang harus diberikan oleh team
positif agar pembicaraan tidak panjang lebar dan tidak sesuai dengan motion. Parameter
berguna untuk membatasi isi daripada pembicaraan.
Team Split : Bagian-bagian
yang akan di bicarakan oleh masing-masing speaker. Misalnya : society point
of view, law point of view, morality point of view, health point of view, dan
lain-lainnya.
Themeline :
Garis besar/inti dari motion yangg diambil dari keseluruhan argumen.
Matter :Materi
yang disampaikan harus sesuai dan berhubungan dengan motion (jangan keluar
jalur).
Manner : Cara
penyampaian argumen: sopan, tegas, meyakinkan, suara jangan sampai lembek
karena berpengaruh pada kekuatan argumen anda.
Method :Metode
penyampaian dari 1st speaker-3rd speaker dan pembagian tugas harus jelas. Ketiga
unsur ini mempengaruhi margin dalam penjurian.
Timer : waktu
semakin panjang makin bagus. Jadi, waktu kita yang lama sebelum
ketukan harus berhenti akan menambah margin juga dalam penilaian.
Reply Speech :Kesimpulan dari ketiga argumen yang
menguatkan. Bisa dibawakan oleh 1st atau 2nd speaker (pembicara ketiga tidak
boleh memberikan Reply Spech di dalam Australian debate rules). Dalam
penyampaian reply speech speaker memberi sebuah penegasan dari argumen team
saja.
Tugas-tugas Goverment Team:
1st speaker: 1. Introducing team.
2.
Giving the motion, parameter, themeline and team split.
3.
Argument.
2nd speaker: 1. Rebut (membantah) the 1st speaker
of Negative Team.
2.
Argument.
3rd speaker: 1. Rebut (membantah) the 2nd speaker
of Negative Team.
2.
Memberikan penguatan atas argumen pembicara1 dan 2.
3.
Memberikan contoh dan bukti yang kuat untuk keseluruhan argument of the team.
4.
Meringkas keselurahan point debat dari masing – masing anggota tim
Tugas-tugas Opposition Team:
1st speaker: 1. menerima atau menolak definisi
dari 1st speaker of affirmative
2.
Giving the motion, parameter, theme line and team split.
3.
Rebut (membantah) the 1st speaker of affirmative
4.
Argument.
2nd speaker: 1. Rebut (membantah) the 2nd speaker of Negative Team.
2.
Argument.
3rd speaker: 1. Rebut (membantah) the 3rd speaker of Affirmative Team.
2.
Memberikan penguatan atas argumen pembicara1 dan 2.
3.
Memberikan contoh dan bukti yang kuat untuk keseluruhan argument of the team.
4.
Meringkas keselurahan point debat dari masing – masing anggota tim
Debate Topics
Debate Topics:
- Breakfast is the most important meal of the day.
- Swimming in the ocean is better than swimming in a public pool.
- Alcohol should be illegal.
- Children should provide room and board for their aging parents.
- Studying grammar is more important than practising conversation skills.
- Television is the leading cause of violence in today's society.
- Dogs make better companions than cats.
- Smoking should be permitted in public places.
- Females are better students than males.
- A parent shouldn't pierce a baby's ears.
- Women should be allowed to go topless in public.
- Lawyers should make a higher salary than nurses.
- Everyone should plan their own funeral.
- Reading English is more difficult than writing English.
- Summer is the best season of the year.
- Children under 13 should not be allowed to babysit.
- High school students should wear uniforms.
- 21 should be the legal driving age around the world.
- Rock and Roll is the best kind of music.
- The government should pay for post secondary education.
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